编者:万法通
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万法通·法译周刊
2009年04月14日 总第五期

 

I Translation Skills

英译商务合同应注意的问题

前言

英译商务合同貌似简单,实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。

本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例,从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。

一、 酌情使用公文语惯用副词

商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多,而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。

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万法通·法译周刊
2009年04月14日 总第五期

 

例如:

从此以后、今后:hereafter;
此后、以后:thereafter;
在其上:thereon\thereupon;
在其下:thereunder;
对于这个:hereto;
对于那个:whereto;
在上文:hereinabove\hereinbefore;
在下文:hereinafter\hereinbelow;
在上文中、在上一部分中:thereinbefore;
在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.
现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。

例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.

例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.

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二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语

  英译商务合同时,常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可,有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的,是提高英译质量的关键因素之一,现把常用且易混淆的七对词语,用典型实例论述如下。

2.1  shipping advice 与 shipping instructions

shipping advice 是"装运通知",是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是"装运须知",是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主),consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。

2.2  abide by 与 comply with  

abide by 与 comply with 都有"遵守"的意思.但是当主语是"人"时,英译"遵守"须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时,则用 comply with 英译"遵守"。
例 3:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.

2.3  change A to B 与 change A into B

英译"把A改为B"用"change A to B",英译"把A折合成/兑换成B"用"change A into B",两者不可混淆。
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例 4:交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.

2.4  ex 与 per

源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船"运来"的货物时用 ex,由某轮船"运走"的货物用 Per,而由某轮船"承运"用 by。

例 5:由"维多利亚"轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。
The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)

2.5  in 与 after

当英译"多少天之后"的时间时,往往是指"多少天之后"的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after 指的是"多少天之后"的不确切的任何一天。

例 6:该货于 11 月 10 日由"东风"轮运出,41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。
The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel)

2.6  on/upon 与 after

当英译"……到后,就……"时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after 表示"之后"的时间不明确。
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2009年04月14日 总第五期

 

例 7:发票货值须货到付给。
The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.

2.7  by 与 before

当英译终止时间时,比如"在某月某日之前",如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。

例 8:卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。
The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。)

三、慎重处理合同的关键细目

实践证明,英译合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说,不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。

3.1  限定责任

众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。

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3.1.1 and/or

常用 and/or 英译合同中"甲和乙+甲或乙"的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。

例 9:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。
The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.

3.1.2 by and between

常用 by and between 强调合同是由"双方"签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。

例 10:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。
This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

3.2  限定时间
英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。

3.2.1 双介词
  用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。
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例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.

例 12:我公司的条件是,3 个月内,即不得晚于 5 月 1 日,支付现金。
Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.

3.2.2 not (no) later than

用"not (no) later than +日期"英译"不迟于某月某日"。

例 13:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于 12 月 15 日,你方须将货物装船。
Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.

3.2.3 include 的相应形式

常用 include 的相应形式:inclusive、including 和 included,来限定含当日在内的时间。

例 14:本证在北京议付,有效期至 1 月 1 日。
This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or: This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为 till and not including January 1.

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3.3 限定金额

为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改,英译时常用以下措施严格把关。

3.3.1.大写文字重复金额

英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上"SAY",意为"大写";在最后加上"ONLY".意思为"整"。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。

例 16:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。
Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).

3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号

英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。"$"既可代表"美元",又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而"£"不仅代表"英镑",又可代表其他某些地方的货币。

必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。

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万法通·法译周刊
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ⅡTranslation Forum

《境外投资项目核准暂行管理办法》两版译本比较及万法通建议版本(三)

第十三条境外竞标或收购项目,应在投标或对外正式开展商务活动前,向国家发展改革委报送书面信息报告。国家发展改革委在收到书面信息报告之日起7个工作日内出具有关确认函件。信息报告的主要内容包括:
(一)投资主体基本情况;
(二)项目投资背景情况;
(三)投资地点、方向、预计投资规模和建设规模;
(四)工作时间计划表。

版本一: Article 13 For the projects of competitive bidding overseas or purchase, the written information report shall be submitted to the National Development and Reform Commission before the competitive bidding or the formal proceeding of business activities. The National Development and Reform Commission shall issue the related confirmation letters within 7 working days after acceptance of the written information report. The information report shall mainly include:
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(1)the fundamental information of the investors;
(2)the background particulars of the investment project;
(3)the sites and the orientation of investment, the predicted investment scale and construction scale; and
(4)the schedule of working hours.

版本二:Article 13 In the case of projects that involve competing in a bid overseas or acquisition, a written information report shall be submitted to the National Development and Reform Commission prior to the submission of bids or the formal launch of commercial activities. The National Development and Reform Commission shall, within seven working days of the date of receipt of the written information report, issue a confirmation letter. The main particulars of the information report shall include:
1. basic details of the Investment Entity;
2. background information of the project investment;
3. place and direction of investment, and the anticipated scale of investment and scale of establishment; and
4. planned work timetable.

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两版分析比较:

1.  境外竞标或收购项目。版本一处理成“projects of competitive bidding overseas or purchase”,一者原文的意义为境外竞标项目或境外收购项目,译文则曲解为“境外竞标项目”或“收购项目”;二者,将收购处理成“purchase”,亦属用语不专业;三者,将“竞标项目”译为“projects of competitive bidding”,也是纯粹的字面翻译。版本二处理成“projects that involve competing in a bid overseas or acquisition”, 一者在“境外”一词的处理上与版本一犯有同样的错误,二者“竞标”的翻译用语并不专业。

2.  国家发展改革委在收到书面信息报告之日起7个工作日内出具有关确认函件。版本一处理成“The National Development and Reform Commission shall issue the related confirmation letters within 7 working days after acceptance of the written information report”,第一,英文里对于比较重要的时限、金额等数字,一般会首先使用英文单词,再在后面的括号里写上阿拉伯数字,这样一方面避免单纯使用阿拉伯数字时容易出现的错误,对起草者和读者都起到了重复确认的作用,另一方面,括号里使用阿拉伯数字,相较单纯使用单词而言,又起到了便于阅读的作用;第二,“acceptance”一般表示认可、接受,与单纯的“接收”有所区别。

编者:万法通高级译审 艾飞
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万法通·法译周刊
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万法通建议版本 : Article 13 For projects that involve overseas competitive bidding or acquisition,a written information report shall be submitted to the National Development and Reform Commission prior to the bidding or the formal initiation of commercial activities. The National Development and Reform Commission shall,within seven (7) working days upon receipt of the written information report,issue a confirmation letter. The main particulars of the information report shall include:
1. basic information of the Investor;
2. background of the project investment;
3. place and direction of investment,and the estimated investment and construction scale thereof; and
4. Work Schedule.

第十四条投资主体如需投入必要的项目前期费用涉及用汇数额的(含履约保证金、保函等),应向国家发展改革委申请核准。经核准的该项前期费用计入项目投资总额。

版本一     Article 14 Where the investors need pouring the necessary first-phase project expenses including the use of foreign exchange (including the deposit for the performance of contract and the letter of guarantee), they shall apply to the National Development and Reform Commission for examination and approval. The approved first-phase expenses shall be calculated into the total investment amount of the projects.
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版本二     Article 14 If an Investment Entity needs to inject necessary preliminary fees for the project and it involves the amount of foreign exchange to be used (including performance bonds, letters of guarantee, etc.), it shall apply to the National Development and Reform Commission for verification and approval. Such preliminary fees thahave been verified and approved shall be included in the total amount of investment in the project.
两版分析比较:“投资主体如需投入必要的项目前期费用涉及用汇数额的”。版本一的处理几乎令人不知所云,是完全没有理解原文的表现。履约保证金处理成“deposit for the performance of contract”,虽勉强达意,但也是对目标语言不熟悉,属于比较拙劣的门外翻译。版本二将“涉及用汇数额”处理成“involves the amount of foreign exchange”,在英文里是令人不可解的语言,也是没有充分理解中文的用语习惯而进行的字面翻译。

万法通建议版本:   For necessary preliminary project fees that involve use of foreign exchange(including performance bonds,letters of guarantee, etc.), the Investor shall apply to the National Development and Reform Commission for examination and approval, and such preliminary fees that have been approved shall be calculated into the total investment amount of the project.
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第十五条已经核准的项目如出现下列情况之一的,需向国家发展改革委申请变更:
(一)建设规模、主要建设内容及主要产品发生变化;
(二)建设地点发生变化;
(三)投资方或股权发生变化;
(四)中方投资超过原核准的中方投资额20%及以上。
变更核准的程序比照本章的相关规定执行。

版本一:Article 15 In case the approved projects are under any of the following circumstances, the investors shall apply to the National Development and Reform Commission for alteration:
(1)the alteration of the construction scale, the main construction items and main products;
(2)the alteration of the construction sites;
(3)the alteration of the investors or their stock rights; or
(4)The Chinese party's investment exceeds 20% or more of the originally approved amount of the Chinese party's investment.
The procedures for examining and approving the alteration shall be implemented according to the related prescriptions of the present chapter.

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版本二:Article 15 If a verified and approved project is in any of the following circumstances, an application for amendment shall be made to the National Development and Reform Commission:
1. there is a change in the establishment scale, main establishment particulars or main products;
2. there is a change in the place of establishment;
3. there is a change in an investor or equity; or
4. the investment of the Chinese party exceeds the investment amount originally verified and approved by 20% or more.
The procedure for verification and approval of amendment shall, mutatis mutandis, be handled according to the relevant provisions of this Part.

两版分析比较:

1.  “如出现下列情况之一”中的“如”,版本一处理成“in c ase”,在情态上略有不当。“in case”一般译成“一旦”、“万一”,用于引出双方本意都不愿意其发生的事项,例如不可抗力条款或违约条款等。此处只是不带感情色彩的假设语气,因此不宜使用“in case”。

2.  “中方投资超过原核准的中方投资额20%及以上”,版本一处理成“The Chinese party's investment exceeds 20% or more of the originally approved amount of the Chinese party's investment”,意思变为超过核;准投资额的20%,超额幅度达20%。

 

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3.“比照”,版本一均处理成“按照”、“依据”(according to),与原文意思稍有龃龉,版本二虽然同样采用了“according to”,但加入了“mutais mntandis”(进行适当变通后),意思基本传达准确,但插入语位置存在问题。正确的用法应为“be handled according to the relevant provisions of this Chapter on a mutatis mutandis basis”或“the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall apply, mutatis mutandis…”。

万法通建议版本:Article 15 If the approved projects are under any of the following circumstances, the Investors shall apply to the National Development and Reform Commission for change:
(1) there is a change in the construction scale, the main construction items and main products;
(2) there is a change in the construction sites;
(3) there is a change in the investors or their stock rights; or
(4) the investment of the Chinese party exceeds the investment amount originally verified and approved by 20% or more.
The procedures for examining and approving the change shall be implemented by reference to the related prescriptions of the present chapter.